![]() Thus, the antenna is a potential candidate and suitable for the biomedical applications.Īn intraoral tongue drive system (iTDS) is an assistive technology that enables paralyzed people to improve their lifestyle by allowing them to navigate their wheelchairs and access computers using tongue gestures. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed antenna is the smallest dimension (in width and length) with high performance compared to previously reported works. ![]() The antenna provides a low specific absorption rate (SAR) with the value compliance the IEEE standard safety guidelines. In addition, to further prove the performance of the designed biomedical implantable antenna, the effects of a coaxial cable and the simulations in the environment of the human tissue models (head, arm, and leg) are established. The experiment results imply that the proposed antenna produces a good impedance matching at 2.4 GHz with a bandwidth of 16.6 % and a maximum peak gain of -18.3 dBi. A low loss, flexible, and biocompatible PCB material, Taconic CER-10 (εr = 10.2, σ = 0.0 035) is adopted as both the substrate and superstrate. To validate the antenna structure, the optimal design is fabricated and experimentally measured. The antenna has an ultra-compact size with a width and length of 2.5 mm and a thickness of 0.64 mm (the total dimension of 2.5 mm × 2.5 mm × 1.28 mm3). The miniaturization of the proposed antenna is obtained by using a meander line as radiating patch, introducing a 1.2 Ω chip resistor, and two pairs of a rectangle slot are etched on the ground plane to expand the antenna impedance bandwidth. In this paper, an ultra-miniaturized implantable antenna is proposed for biomedical applications, which operates in frequency of the industrial, scientific, and medical bands of 2.4 GHz. For temperature measurements, the maximum error is 0.18 ☌ with a standard deviation of ☐.061 ☌, which is superior to the required specification of 0.1 ☌. The output voltage of the bandgap reference circuit is 1 V. The power consumption of the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) core is less than 40 µW, and the output is -3.04 dBm with a buffer stage. The power consumption of the sampling amplifier is 128 µW. The chip is fabricated in a standard Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) 0.18-μm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process, and the chip area is 0.9 mm². The temperature compensated oscillator is composed of a ring oscillator and a controlled-steering current source with temperature compensation, so the output frequency of the oscillator does not drift with temperature variations. Moreover, temperature compensated technologies are necessary because the modulated frequency might have additional frequency deviations caused by the varying temperature. A long-term monitoring sensor requires low-power circuits including a sampling circuit and oscillator. ![]() This study proposes using wireless low power thermal sensors for basal-body-temperature detection using frequency modulated telemetry devices.
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